Ferromagnetic Biochar Prepared from Hydrothermally Modified Calcined Mango Seeds for Fenton-like Degradation of Indigo Carmine

Biochar and ferromagnetic biochar obtained from the pyrolysis of dried mango seeds modified using a hydrothermal method were used as catalyst for heterogeneous degradation indigo carmine in an aqueous medium. These prepared biochars characterized different techniques: Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) energy dispersive (EDX). The analyses results revealed presence iron oxide form magnetite (Fe3O4) catalyst. catalytic tests carried out with this composite material showed significant carmine. maximum solution was reached after 240 min agitation. Fenton process irradiation 100 W electric lamp hydrogen peroxide (concentration 4 mol/L) best at pH = 3. From study, it emerged that second-order kinetic model better described process, gave lower half-lives compared to those first-order law. study also could be solution.